Definition of Dialectology

The scientific study of dialects, or the regional differences in a language. Although to some extent an autonomous discipline, dialectology is regarded by some linguists as a subfield of sociolinguistics. What is Dialectology? Sociolinguists and dialectologists share some goals and methods. We both tend to be interested in the language of a particular place (a speech community), language in use, authentic speech, and defining a language variety in terms of how it might differ from the standard. A major difference is that in the past dialectologists or dialect geographers have been interested in the most divergent, traditional language of a community, assuming that other forms resulted from later movement toward the standard. Sociolinguists, on the other hand, are interested in the full range of forms in a community (and their social evaluation) ...The goals of dialect geography and dialectology have been to show where particular speech features are found, and to discover the boundaries between dialect regions. But dialect geography has also tried to find the most traditional speech in each region, on the assumption that regional dialects are most distinct when they havent been influenced by their neighbors , or by mainstream language.(Gerard Van Herk, What Is Sociolinguistics? Wiley-Blackwell, 2012) Dialect Geography Dialect geography [is] a methodology or (more accurately) a set of methods for gathering evidence of dialect differences systematically ...More than a century has elapsed since the first major project in dialect geography was undertaken, and in that time there have been hundreds of projects, great and small, that have made use of the methodology ...The resurgence [of dialect geography] began in the 1980s. We have already noted some of the benchmarks: the revival of the Middle and South Atlantic States project under Kretzschmar, the resumption of analysis of the survey of English dialects by Upton and his associates, and, of course, Pedersons Gulf States publications. In addition to these, significant regional projects are taking place in Spain directed by Manuel Alvar, in France sponsored by the Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique, and in many other places, including Mexico, Canary Islands, Vanuatu, and RÃ ©union. Dialect atlases are appearing in relative profusion, some of them belated culminations of old field work and others the end-products of more recent research.One reason for the resurgence is technological. Dialectology, the most data-oriented branch of language studies, finally found itself with tools commensurate to its task.(J. K. Chambers and Peter Trudgill, Dialectology, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 1998) Social Dialectology Social dialectology differs from traditional dialectology in its shift of focus from rural, settled communities to communities characterized by immigration and mobility... A sign that social dialectology is maturing as a discipline is that scholars are now able to compare the results of a range of studies in order to locate and explain parallel developments.(David Britain and Jenny Cheshire, Introduction. Social Dialectology: In Honour of Peter Trudgill. John Benjamins, 2003) Forms of Dialectology In social dialectology, boundaries between varieties are identified on the basis of trained linguists observations of actual phonetic and grammatical features that constitute salient differences between varieties. In regional dialectology, boundaries are identified on the basis of what trained fieldworkers are able to elicit from speakers or speakers reports of what they usually say. In perceptual dialectology, the beliefs and thoughts that non-linguists have about language are used to distinguish varieties. Peoples perceptions about language, whether descriptively accurate or not, are just as important to the researcher as the objective facts about how speakers talk.(Miriam Meyerhoff, Introducing Sociolinguistics, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2011)

american lit - 1157 Words

When did American Literature begin? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;-with the Native Americans Three dominant characteristics/themes of Native American Literature? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;1. Relationship with the land nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;2. Belief in the Great Manito nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;3. Use of natural images How did Columbus describe the New World? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;-astonishing, colorful, marvelous speed of the canoes, a paradise Identify: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;-Bay Psalm Book: first book published in America nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;-manito: spiritual forces nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;-Walum Olum: painted record nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;-allusion: reference to something†¦show more content†¦How are they particularly American? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;-natural wilderness (setting) revolution (great human experience) Study the aphorisms from Poor Richards Almanack. What does each mean? How does Henry use allusions in his speech? What effect does it have? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;-Biblical(meaningful), flattering for them to be compared to the Isralites. Define and identify the value of each: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Repetition: saying some things over and over; memorable, force nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Rhetorical question: assumes audience knows answer; confidence , show sarcasm, connect with audience nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Improvisation: speech with no previous thought; forceful Explain the connection between the location and the roles each tribe and the image of a long house. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;- Connection between the Social Contract Theory and the Declaration of Independence? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;-Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence based on the idea of the Social Contract theory Where was Bartram from? Where does the example from ‘Travels take place? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;-from Philadelphia; it comes from eastern Florida What value does a reading like ‘Travels have for us today? Historical, scientific, entertainment? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;-theShow MoreRelatedAmerican Lit2895 Words   |  12 PagesLiterature has a variety of styles; American literature, Irish literature, African American literature, and also Women’s literature are only a few examples. I am charmed by Women’s literature, everything from Annie Bradstreet to Judy Blume. My focus is to show how women portray a major role in the making of great literature, and also their existence in the works of art themselves. Distressingly, for years we women didn’t have a voice and our ideas were pushed aside. An American Editor Joan Goulianos wroteRead MoreApex american lit Essay1645 Words   |  7 PagesConstitutions Practice Assignment English III (2013) Sem 1 (S2605467) Ashley Heaton Points possible:  50 Date: ____________ Assignment Write a literary analysis essay of the U.S. Constitution. Focus on how the Constitution provides liberty for American citizens. Use quotations from the Constitution to support your points. If you choose, you can compare or contrast the U.S. Constitution with the Haudenosaunee Great Law of Peace (the Iroquois Constitution). Your essay should use a basic three-paragraphRead MoreAmerican Lit : Burden Of The United States1031 Words   |  5 PagesMorgan Finley American Lit Burden December 12, 2014 American What does it mean to be American? Webster’s defines an American as: Of or relating to the United States of America or its people, language, or culture. My definition to be American means that you’re free. Free to say what you want. Free to choose your own religion. 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Investment Portfolio Performance free essay sample

Examines hypothetical international portfolio activity over six weeks in late 1995, using information from [Financial Times]. Tables charts. Money as a means of exchange has been in existence for thousands of years. Since kingdoms and nations issue their own money, and the rate of one nations currency can be measured in anothers, the concept of trading in currency, rather than the goods that currency can purchase, arose centuries ago. Astute traders could buy currency in one nation and sell it in another for a profit. With the telecommunications revolution that has taken place in this century, this type of trade has given rise to an entirely new type of transaction, which some observers liken more to gambling than to strict financial trading. These new traders use computers to conduct business without regard to time zones, and great sums can be madeand lostin the space of a few seconds. We will write a custom essay sample on Investment Portfolio Performance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This research explores a hypothetical international investment portfolio

Ireland Essays - Island Countries, Northern Europe, Western Europe

Ireland The flag is colored green, white and orange, which the green stripe stands for those of the native Irish descents, the orange stripe represents the descendants of 17th Century British Colonists and the white stripe is for the hope and peace between the two groups. The brown form is drawn in the shape of the country Ireland and the brown represents the hills and mountains. I chose to drawn the puffin bird, because it is the national bird of Ireland. It is a black bird with a white breast and a multi-colored beak, it is found nesting along the rocky ledges of Ireland. The scenic picture shows the peacefulness of the land with a symbolic house and the beautiful blue rivers that Ireland is known for. The final symbol is the leprechaun with his gold. Ireland is known as the "Land of the Leprechaun" and that is the reason the fairy tales began there. Geography Ireland is an island located in the western North Atlantic Ocean, the area covers 27,136 square miles and its population is estimated at 3,500,000. The bordering countries are Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. It is smaller than Scotland and made up of smaller islands off the coast. There are many hills, plateaus, mountains, plains and lowlands. The lowlands and plains are mainly covered with farms, pastures and old lakes form peat bogs. Climate Ireland is known for its rainy weather and it can rain for most of the year in some parts of the country. Due to the position of Ireland off the sea, the average temperature in the summer is cool, while the winter is mild. The weather in Ireland is milder than other countries. Snow falls only on a few days in winter and melts very quickly, because of the North Atlantic current. The coldest temperature averages 30 to 40 degrees Fahrenheit. The warmest month is July with a temperature averaging at 65 degrees Fahrenheit. Ireland's dampness, fog and rain make the country lush and green. Resources, Industry and Products Ireland has recently discovered zinc and copper, which had opened up new mining resources. The country has few mineral resources such as iron, barites, lead and silver. There are some gypsum, marble, limestone, flagstone and slate also found. The government has invested in some oil refining, shipbuilding, and manufactures fertilizers. Sugar beets are grown locally and the sugar industry has developed because of the crop. Other crops they grow are oats, potatoes, barley, wheat and turnips. Other industries and products include bread, biscuits, textiles, clothing, whisky, metal products, paper and paper products. The chief exports are livestock, foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco and clothing. Tourism and travel have also contributed to the economy. The Irish economy has been based on agriculture, but in recent years many new industries have been developed. People, Religion and Race The population is over 3.6 million and the highest percent of people are Roman Catholic with a small amount of the people belonging to the Anglican Church. The rest are various Christian and Non-Christian beliefs. Religion is a very important role in their cultural and political history. The Constitution of Ireland guarantees freedom of worship to all religions. The people are usually Celts, but there are Norse, French Normans, Scots and English in the country as well. Many people are returning to Ireland from the United States or the U.K. to secure employment. The Irish are easygoing, lighthearted, good-humored, polite and cheerful. Interesting Facts The official name of the country is Ireland and called Eire in Gaelic and often called the Emerald Isle. The capital city is Dublin and the national anthem is "The Soldier's Song". The Irish are very sports oriented and the two national pastimes are football and hurling (soccer-type with wooden sticks and small leather ball). Rugby, sailing, cycling, golf, and horse racing are also favorite activities. Ireland has a strong tradition for music and song originating back thousands of years. Reaction Since my ancestors are from Ireland on my Dads side, it is very interesting to write on my culture, nationality and their background. I find it to be exciting and informative to learn about the country. It is known to be a land of fairy tales, music, dance, song, beautiful clothes and silver jewelry, which I love. My name "Brianna" means strong and brave in Irish and I am very proud to be named that. I would love to visit my country and see the old and ancient castles where my ancestors grew up and lived. I wonder what they looked like and what