Definition of Dialectology

The scientific study of dialects, or the regional differences in a language. Although to some extent an autonomous discipline, dialectology is regarded by some linguists as a subfield of sociolinguistics. What is Dialectology? Sociolinguists and dialectologists share some goals and methods. We both tend to be interested in the language of a particular place (a speech community), language in use, authentic speech, and defining a language variety in terms of how it might differ from the standard. A major difference is that in the past dialectologists or dialect geographers have been interested in the most divergent, traditional language of a community, assuming that other forms resulted from later movement toward the standard. Sociolinguists, on the other hand, are interested in the full range of forms in a community (and their social evaluation) ...The goals of dialect geography and dialectology have been to show where particular speech features are found, and to discover the boundaries between dialect regions. But dialect geography has also tried to find the most traditional speech in each region, on the assumption that regional dialects are most distinct when they havent been influenced by their neighbors , or by mainstream language.(Gerard Van Herk, What Is Sociolinguistics? Wiley-Blackwell, 2012) Dialect Geography Dialect geography [is] a methodology or (more accurately) a set of methods for gathering evidence of dialect differences systematically ...More than a century has elapsed since the first major project in dialect geography was undertaken, and in that time there have been hundreds of projects, great and small, that have made use of the methodology ...The resurgence [of dialect geography] began in the 1980s. We have already noted some of the benchmarks: the revival of the Middle and South Atlantic States project under Kretzschmar, the resumption of analysis of the survey of English dialects by Upton and his associates, and, of course, Pedersons Gulf States publications. In addition to these, significant regional projects are taking place in Spain directed by Manuel Alvar, in France sponsored by the Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique, and in many other places, including Mexico, Canary Islands, Vanuatu, and RÃ ©union. Dialect atlases are appearing in relative profusion, some of them belated culminations of old field work and others the end-products of more recent research.One reason for the resurgence is technological. Dialectology, the most data-oriented branch of language studies, finally found itself with tools commensurate to its task.(J. K. Chambers and Peter Trudgill, Dialectology, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 1998) Social Dialectology Social dialectology differs from traditional dialectology in its shift of focus from rural, settled communities to communities characterized by immigration and mobility... A sign that social dialectology is maturing as a discipline is that scholars are now able to compare the results of a range of studies in order to locate and explain parallel developments.(David Britain and Jenny Cheshire, Introduction. Social Dialectology: In Honour of Peter Trudgill. John Benjamins, 2003) Forms of Dialectology In social dialectology, boundaries between varieties are identified on the basis of trained linguists observations of actual phonetic and grammatical features that constitute salient differences between varieties. In regional dialectology, boundaries are identified on the basis of what trained fieldworkers are able to elicit from speakers or speakers reports of what they usually say. In perceptual dialectology, the beliefs and thoughts that non-linguists have about language are used to distinguish varieties. Peoples perceptions about language, whether descriptively accurate or not, are just as important to the researcher as the objective facts about how speakers talk.(Miriam Meyerhoff, Introducing Sociolinguistics, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2011)

american lit - 1157 Words

When did American Literature begin? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;-with the Native Americans Three dominant characteristics/themes of Native American Literature? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;1. Relationship with the land nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;2. Belief in the Great Manito nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;3. Use of natural images How did Columbus describe the New World? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;-astonishing, colorful, marvelous speed of the canoes, a paradise Identify: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;-Bay Psalm Book: first book published in America nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;-manito: spiritual forces nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;-Walum Olum: painted record nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;-allusion: reference to something†¦show more content†¦How are they particularly American? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;-natural wilderness (setting) revolution (great human experience) Study the aphorisms from Poor Richards Almanack. What does each mean? How does Henry use allusions in his speech? What effect does it have? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;-Biblical(meaningful), flattering for them to be compared to the Isralites. Define and identify the value of each: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Repetition: saying some things over and over; memorable, force nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Rhetorical question: assumes audience knows answer; confidence , show sarcasm, connect with audience nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Improvisation: speech with no previous thought; forceful Explain the connection between the location and the roles each tribe and the image of a long house. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;- Connection between the Social Contract Theory and the Declaration of Independence? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;-Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence based on the idea of the Social Contract theory Where was Bartram from? Where does the example from ‘Travels take place? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;-from Philadelphia; it comes from eastern Florida What value does a reading like ‘Travels have for us today? Historical, scientific, entertainment? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;-theShow MoreRelatedAmerican Lit2895 Words   |  12 PagesLiterature has a variety of styles; American literature, Irish literature, African American literature, and also Women’s literature are only a few examples. I am charmed by Women’s literature, everything from Annie Bradstreet to Judy Blume. My focus is to show how women portray a major role in the making of great literature, and also their existence in the works of art themselves. Distressingly, for years we women didn’t have a voice and our ideas were pushed aside. An American Editor Joan Goulianos wroteRead MoreApex american lit Essay1645 Words   |  7 PagesConstitutions Practice Assignment English III (2013) Sem 1 (S2605467) Ashley Heaton Points possible:  50 Date: ____________ Assignment Write a literary analysis essay of the U.S. Constitution. Focus on how the Constitution provides liberty for American citizens. Use quotations from the Constitution to support your points. If you choose, you can compare or contrast the U.S. Constitution with the Haudenosaunee Great Law of Peace (the Iroquois Constitution). Your essay should use a basic three-paragraphRead MoreAmerican Lit : Burden Of The United States1031 Words   |  5 PagesMorgan Finley American Lit Burden December 12, 2014 American What does it mean to be American? Webster’s defines an American as: Of or relating to the United States of America or its people, language, or culture. My definition to be American means that you’re free. Free to say what you want. Free to choose your own religion. Free to vote for whom you want. Free to grow up and pick the occupation you desire. Free to go where you please. Free of being a slave to no one! Free to love whom you wantRead MoreNative American Storytelling Lit Paper1214 Words   |  5 PagesNative American Storytelling November 12, 2012 ENG/301 Native American Storytelling Native American literature is the root of cultural storytelling, which is told through oral tradition, this consist of stories and songs verbally. Native American literature use literary conventions in the root of myth and symbolic examples in storytelling. The book â€Å"Native American Literature: A Brief Introduction and Anthology† gives good insight into the Native American ways of life and how storytelling isRead MoreNotes for Norton Anthology of American Lit1757 Words   |  8 Pageswas by no means inevitable that the English would dominate, even in their own colonies. But by 1700, the strength of the (mostly religious) literary output of New England had made English the preeminent language of early American literature.  »full text †¢ The state of American literature in 1700, consisting of only about 250 published works, reflects the pressing religious, security, and cultural concerns of colonial life.  »full text Full Text Columbus’s voyage to the Americas began the exploitationRead MoreHenry Wang. Mr. Barclay. American Lit . Feb 15, 2017. The1125 Words   |  5 PagesHenry Wang Mr. Barclay American Lit Feb 15, 2017 The American Dream In The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby was written in the year 1925 by F. Scott Fitzgerald after a shocking event happened not long ago, the World War I. In the novel, the main character Jay Gatsby who was around thirty years old worked his to from a impoverished childhood to one of the richest people in New York City and well known in Wall Street. The book tells us a story of the love between Gatsby and a woman, who is a cousinRead MoreCharlie Parra Mr Mooney American Lit 06 February 2017 Charlie1488 Words   |  6 PagesCharlie Parra Mr Mooney American lit 06 February 2017 Charlie is a 15-year-old boy who is starting his freshman year of high school and already feels alone. Because charlie is so shy and withdrawn there is nobody he can really talk to about his problems and fears about going to high school. Charlie has a sister but throughout the book we see she is preoccupied with her boyfriend, his older brother is in college and he is scared to speak to his parents because he doesn’t want to worry them I probablyRead MoreThemes Of Racism And Poverty1495 Words   |  6 Pageswe maintain the class differentiated system in which we now live (locally or globally)† (471). 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Wright, called Joseph Wright of Derby, a European artist of the eighteenth century, who is best known for his beautiful portraiture, scientific scenes, and sensationally lit landscapes, steps outside of his norm and composes a sorrowful piece expressing the misery and loss the warRead MoreErnest Hemingway s Life As A Writer1074 Words   |  5 Pagesbegan his career as an author and journalist at the age of seventeen. Ernest took a high school course in Journalism taught by Fannie Biggs, which was taught, as though the classroom were a newspaper office (Griffin). Much like many of the early American authors such as Mark Twain, Stephen Crane, and Sinclair Lewis (Myers) Hemingway was a journalist before he became a novelist. It was his career in journalism that sparked his successful career as an author and shaped his writing style. Hemingway

Investment Portfolio Performance free essay sample

Examines hypothetical international portfolio activity over six weeks in late 1995, using information from [Financial Times]. Tables charts. Money as a means of exchange has been in existence for thousands of years. Since kingdoms and nations issue their own money, and the rate of one nations currency can be measured in anothers, the concept of trading in currency, rather than the goods that currency can purchase, arose centuries ago. Astute traders could buy currency in one nation and sell it in another for a profit. With the telecommunications revolution that has taken place in this century, this type of trade has given rise to an entirely new type of transaction, which some observers liken more to gambling than to strict financial trading. These new traders use computers to conduct business without regard to time zones, and great sums can be madeand lostin the space of a few seconds. We will write a custom essay sample on Investment Portfolio Performance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This research explores a hypothetical international investment portfolio

Ireland Essays - Island Countries, Northern Europe, Western Europe

Ireland The flag is colored green, white and orange, which the green stripe stands for those of the native Irish descents, the orange stripe represents the descendants of 17th Century British Colonists and the white stripe is for the hope and peace between the two groups. The brown form is drawn in the shape of the country Ireland and the brown represents the hills and mountains. I chose to drawn the puffin bird, because it is the national bird of Ireland. It is a black bird with a white breast and a multi-colored beak, it is found nesting along the rocky ledges of Ireland. The scenic picture shows the peacefulness of the land with a symbolic house and the beautiful blue rivers that Ireland is known for. The final symbol is the leprechaun with his gold. Ireland is known as the "Land of the Leprechaun" and that is the reason the fairy tales began there. Geography Ireland is an island located in the western North Atlantic Ocean, the area covers 27,136 square miles and its population is estimated at 3,500,000. The bordering countries are Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. It is smaller than Scotland and made up of smaller islands off the coast. There are many hills, plateaus, mountains, plains and lowlands. The lowlands and plains are mainly covered with farms, pastures and old lakes form peat bogs. Climate Ireland is known for its rainy weather and it can rain for most of the year in some parts of the country. Due to the position of Ireland off the sea, the average temperature in the summer is cool, while the winter is mild. The weather in Ireland is milder than other countries. Snow falls only on a few days in winter and melts very quickly, because of the North Atlantic current. The coldest temperature averages 30 to 40 degrees Fahrenheit. The warmest month is July with a temperature averaging at 65 degrees Fahrenheit. Ireland's dampness, fog and rain make the country lush and green. Resources, Industry and Products Ireland has recently discovered zinc and copper, which had opened up new mining resources. The country has few mineral resources such as iron, barites, lead and silver. There are some gypsum, marble, limestone, flagstone and slate also found. The government has invested in some oil refining, shipbuilding, and manufactures fertilizers. Sugar beets are grown locally and the sugar industry has developed because of the crop. Other crops they grow are oats, potatoes, barley, wheat and turnips. Other industries and products include bread, biscuits, textiles, clothing, whisky, metal products, paper and paper products. The chief exports are livestock, foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco and clothing. Tourism and travel have also contributed to the economy. The Irish economy has been based on agriculture, but in recent years many new industries have been developed. People, Religion and Race The population is over 3.6 million and the highest percent of people are Roman Catholic with a small amount of the people belonging to the Anglican Church. The rest are various Christian and Non-Christian beliefs. Religion is a very important role in their cultural and political history. The Constitution of Ireland guarantees freedom of worship to all religions. The people are usually Celts, but there are Norse, French Normans, Scots and English in the country as well. Many people are returning to Ireland from the United States or the U.K. to secure employment. The Irish are easygoing, lighthearted, good-humored, polite and cheerful. Interesting Facts The official name of the country is Ireland and called Eire in Gaelic and often called the Emerald Isle. The capital city is Dublin and the national anthem is "The Soldier's Song". The Irish are very sports oriented and the two national pastimes are football and hurling (soccer-type with wooden sticks and small leather ball). Rugby, sailing, cycling, golf, and horse racing are also favorite activities. Ireland has a strong tradition for music and song originating back thousands of years. Reaction Since my ancestors are from Ireland on my Dads side, it is very interesting to write on my culture, nationality and their background. I find it to be exciting and informative to learn about the country. It is known to be a land of fairy tales, music, dance, song, beautiful clothes and silver jewelry, which I love. My name "Brianna" means strong and brave in Irish and I am very proud to be named that. I would love to visit my country and see the old and ancient castles where my ancestors grew up and lived. I wonder what they looked like and what

Definition and Discussion of Comparative Grammar

Definition and Discussion of Comparative Grammar Comparative grammar  is the branch of linguistics primarily concerned with the analysis and comparison of the grammatical structures of related languages or dialects.   The term comparative grammar was commonly used by 19th-century philologists. However,  Ferdinand de Saussure regarded comparative grammar as a misnomer for several reasons, the most troublesome of which is that it implies the existence of a scientific grammar other than that which draws on the comparison of languages (Course in General Linguistics, 1916). In the modern era, notes  Sanjay Jain et al., the branch of linguistics  known as comparative grammar is  the attempt to characterize the class of (biologically possible) natural languages through formal specification of their grammars; and a theory of  comparative grammar is  such a specification of  some definite collection. Contemporary theories of comparative grammar begin with Chomsky . . . , but there are several different proposals currently under investigation (Systems That Learn: An Introduction to Learning Theory, 1999). Also Known As:  comparative philology Observations If we would understand the origin and real nature of grammatical forms, and of the relations which they represent, we must compare them with similar forms in kindred dialects and languages . . ..[The task of the comparative grammarian] is to compare the grammatical forms and usages of an allied group of tongues and thereby reduce them to their earliest forms and senses.(Grammar, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911)Comparative GrammarPast and PresentContemporary work in comparative grammar, like the comparative work carried out by nineteenth-century grammarians, is concerned with establishing [an] explanatory basis for the relationships between languages. The work of the nineteenth century focused on relationships between languages and groups of languages primarily in terms of a common ancestry. It assumed a view of linguistic change as by and large systematic and lawful (rule governed) and, on the basis of this assumption, attempted to explain the relationship between languages in terms o f a common ancestor (often a hypothetical one for which there was no actual evidence in the historical record). Contemporary comparative grammar, in contrast, is significantly broader in scope. It is concerned with a theory of grammar that is postulated to be an innate component of the human mind/brain, a faculty of language that provides an explanatory basis for how a human being can acquire a first language (in fact, any human language he or she is exposed to). In this way, the theory of grammar is a theory of human language and hence establishes the relationship among all languagesnot just those that happen to be related by historical accident (for instance, via common ancestry).(Robert Freidin, Principles and Parameters in Comparative Grammar. MIT, 1991)

Free Essays on Nixon Library

Nixon Library Report The Nixon Library is more than just a library bearing the late presidents’ name. To me the library seemed more like a museum which houses audio and visual displays surrounding Richard Nixon’s life. It is located in Yorba Linda and built in front of Richard Nixon’s birthplace. The library opened its doors in 1990 as a privately supported institution to educate the public about Richard Nixon. The day I visited the library Bill Jones announced his candidacy for governor of California. I watch a short 28 minute film title â€Å"Never give up’: Richard Nixon in the Arena.† I visited an exhibit titled â€Å"Road to Presidency,† which houses a 1832 engraving of the Declaration of Independence. It also had exhibits which showed how Richard Nixon worked his way up in the political Arena. Of all the exhibits I especially enjoyed the one about Nixons pursuit of Alger Hiss in the 1948 espionage case. I saw the presidential limousine. The same limousine in which president Nixon traveled in during his term in office. It is a black, bullet proof Lincoln continental with a V-8 engine priced around $500,000. Exhibit seven has a display of life size statues of 10 world leaders. Each statue weighs 80lbs. and are made according to the actual height of the leader. There is a picture of the capital from when Nixon took office and the room is filled with gifts and flags. There is a monitor in front of the exhibit which provides biographical summaries of each leader. A gallery featuring Richard Nixon’s achievements with foreign affairs is an interesting piece because I am now able to associate him with more than jus the Watergate scandal. There are also many gifts from Chinese and Russian leaders president Nixon dealt with during his term in office. This exhibit also encompasses an actual piece of the Berlin Wall. Aside from all the political accomplishments, president Nixon also contributed to Americas Space history. A whole ex... Free Essays on Nixon Library Free Essays on Nixon Library Nixon Library Report The Nixon Library is more than just a library bearing the late presidents’ name. To me the library seemed more like a museum which houses audio and visual displays surrounding Richard Nixon’s life. It is located in Yorba Linda and built in front of Richard Nixon’s birthplace. The library opened its doors in 1990 as a privately supported institution to educate the public about Richard Nixon. The day I visited the library Bill Jones announced his candidacy for governor of California. I watch a short 28 minute film title â€Å"Never give up’: Richard Nixon in the Arena.† I visited an exhibit titled â€Å"Road to Presidency,† which houses a 1832 engraving of the Declaration of Independence. It also had exhibits which showed how Richard Nixon worked his way up in the political Arena. Of all the exhibits I especially enjoyed the one about Nixons pursuit of Alger Hiss in the 1948 espionage case. I saw the presidential limousine. The same limousine in which president Nixon traveled in during his term in office. It is a black, bullet proof Lincoln continental with a V-8 engine priced around $500,000. Exhibit seven has a display of life size statues of 10 world leaders. Each statue weighs 80lbs. and are made according to the actual height of the leader. There is a picture of the capital from when Nixon took office and the room is filled with gifts and flags. There is a monitor in front of the exhibit which provides biographical summaries of each leader. A gallery featuring Richard Nixon’s achievements with foreign affairs is an interesting piece because I am now able to associate him with more than jus the Watergate scandal. There are also many gifts from Chinese and Russian leaders president Nixon dealt with during his term in office. This exhibit also encompasses an actual piece of the Berlin Wall. Aside from all the political accomplishments, president Nixon also contributed to Americas Space history. A whole ex...

SONY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

SONY - Essay Example Marketing can be said as identifying the wants of the customer and providing them with those wants at a price they are willing to buy. It is not only about advertising your product but also making sure that your marketing of a product reaches to the right target market. To get better results, we use several components of marketing which include planning, pricing, promotion and distribution (Kotler, 2012). The concept of 4p’s that is product, pricing, placement and promotion mixed together in an efficient manner gives out effective results (Joshi, 2005). Talking briefly about the 4p’s, they are said to be the backbone of marketing. Using the 4p’s in correct manner can bring out good results. The first P is taken as product, the product or service being sold by a company (Adcock & Al Halborg, 2001). This may include the product characteristics such as quality, design, service warranty, variety and brand name. The second P is the place. It concerns majorly with the target market of the company’s product. What product is made for whom and in what geographical location it should be sent the most is what is decided in place. The third P is the price which decides what price to a company should charge for its product. This is decided by the purchasing power of the consumers, the demand for the product and its utility. The forth and the last P is promotion in which the company decides what promotional techniques to use to gain maximum sales and profit from their product. This may include advertising, door to door selling, distribution channels etc (David A. Acker, 1988). The company we have chosen to study the marketing techniques and the application of these techniques is Sony Inc. The word Sony is a Latin word which means sound and in Japanese it means smart and presentable (Inc., 2013). Sony Corporation known as Sony is a Japanese company and have it’s headquarter in Tokyo, Japan. It has many diversified businesses under its umbrel la. The company is majorly known for its entertainment products it provides to its customers which include televisions, stereo systems and playsation games. It also has a financial service head which includes banks and investment companies, though Sony is majorly recognized as a company which provides high quality electronic entertainment products. Sony stands on 87th in the top 500 companies of Fortune (Global, 2013). Sony Corporation is the subsidiary of Sony Group which deals in the electronics. It has a research and development department which is responsible for the development of the new products. This makes Sony one of the greatest and largest electronic manufacturing companies in the world. We will now examine that how Sony’s marketing techniques have given the company a huge brand name and success globally. We will look into the four P’s that is product, place, price and promotion of the company and discuss their roles in building up what Sony is now today (So ny Corporation, 2012). Product Sony’s product portfolio is extremely vast ranging from a variety of electronic devices to a number of products in the entertainment category. Sony manipulates the attributes of its products to satisfy its diversified large target market. Customers constantly demand new and innovated

Marketing Communication Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Marketing Communication Plan - Essay Example (Varey 2002) It is a challenge because of the fact that every day newer modes of communication are being invented and more rapid to that is the accelerated rate of using these modes creatively. Those marketers who still rely solely on the traditional methods and deny any chances of creativity in the marketing communication, they are ultimately at a high risk, in most of the cases, of being left behind by the more creative marketing communication plans, which are capable of appealing the customers in more efficient manner, provided the claims in these communication plans are supported by the product availability and quality. (Taylor 2004) The knowledge society is not the only dimension that the marketers need to consider, rather there are multiple dimensions that need to be considered and duly taken care of while conceiving, developing and implementing the communication plan. These factors include the changing behaviours and preference of the target audience, the need of the product, availability of alternatives, communication plans of the competitors and so on. Thus it is imperative for the marketing communication planner to take into account all these factors while developing a marketing communication plan. (Hooley et. al 1984) In the beginning, this plan will analyze the market situation with reference to the abovementioned products. Various dimensions of the market will analyzed in this regard, such as, consumer demand, search behaviour, brand loyalty, market characteristics and definition, sales and suppliers' market shares, market dynamics (innovation, new entry and price trends), product innovation, manufacturing and trade, entry conditions and price trends. Analyzing the market situation is very essential to build an effective communication strategy, thus this would occupy most of the space and will be referred frequently in the later parts of the report. After the analysis part, the second step would be the development of the objectives for the marketing communication. This will include both, the marketing goals and the objectives and would be aligned with the situation of the market already analyzed. Afterwards, we will develop the statement of strategy. This strategy statement will identify and hi ghlight relevant public, logic, and communication channel, type of medium and timing of each strategy. Once the statement of strategy has been developed, our next step would be to sketch the profile of the target audience and each targeted segment of the market from the dimensions which are of the key significance to the marketers and those who implement the marketing communication plans. Afterwards, we will explore and analyze various tactics and plan of marketing action plan. After this, we would move to description of the concerned 3 Ms of the production (which includes, man and women, money and monitoring). Lastly, critical path of these activities will be developed in order to ensure successful and effective implementation of the plan. Analysis of the Market Situation Consumer demand In a recent market research report by

According to Darwin Essay Example for Free

According to Darwin Essay 1) Fossil fuels were formed a very long time ago from plants and animals that were buried and with time changes into oil, coal and natural gas. They are essentially not part of the carbon cycle. However when man burns fossil fuels, they upset the balance of CO2 concentration in the cycle as they released a lot of amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. With the abundance of CO2 in the atmosphere, all are not used for the photosynthesis and respiration sustained by the cycle. The excess CO2 contributes to the greenhouse effect, a condition where more heat is trap in the earth because of too many CO2 in the atmosphere. As a result, global warming occurs (Gautier, 2008, pp. 78-79). 2) All four species of lizards that are closely related can become separate species because of the process of active radiation. In an island, these four lizards may live and utilize in different microenvironments of different habitats. There is a rapid speciation of these lizards proceeding to the phenotypic adaptation to divergent environments. See more: Social process essay According to Darwin in 1842, phenotypes of species ‘fit’ the divergent environments that they inhabit, and hence that species have â€Å"been taken and modified for different ends† (qtd Schluter, 2000, pp. 10-12). 3). The DNA (chromatins) are not visible in the interphase because by then they are still uncoiled, diffused and disorganized in the nucleus. What happens at this time is that genetic information is transcribed to produce RNA. They appear as dots or grains or thin long strands. However to facilitate separation of DNA, chromosomes are duplicated in the S phase. To prepare for mitosis, the chromosomes condense; condensin (an elongated complex of several proteins) mediates then binds and circles DNA into a single chromatid at multiple spots, twisting the chromatin into a variety of shorter and thicker coils and loops. This made the DNA visible in the microscope (Hartl Jones, 2005, pp. 75-76). 4). The four daughter cells produced in meiosis are unique resulting from a variation of two processes known as independent segregation of the chromosomes and crossing-over. In the independent segregation at the end of Meiosis I, two very different intermediate cells are produced. Crossing-over then takes place in meiosis I which affords time and opportunity for the random exchange of information from homologous pairs of chromosomes resulting to the unique combination of alleles. These are the reasons why four daughter cells have completely different set of genetic information (Hartl Jones, 2005, p. 115).

School Uniforms Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schools today aren't in the best condition. There is teasing, violence, discrimination, cliques, and poverty. There is much to say about how having mandatory school uniforms will help these problems. My question is, will uniforms help these problems enough to dismiss the hurt that they would cause? I say the uniforms do little to help.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Having uniforms would stop the teasing and discrimination about clothing, but there is more to tease or discriminate someone about rather than just clothing. Such as hygiene, looks, personality, intelligence, race, and the list goes on. So unless people somehow find a way to be perfect in everyone's opinion, teasing and discrimination won't stop.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As for violence, it's the same story. Uniforms would only stop the smallest percentage. In some ways uniforms actually make violence less preventable by eliminating one major warning sign. For example the black trench coats that were worn in by the murderers at Colorado's Columbine High School shooting. Of course I'm not saying we should arrest anyone who wears a trench coat, but the way that someone dresses can say a lot about their personality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If you're thinking that uniforms will end symbols of being in a gang such as gang colors, think about how many other ways that a gang member could symbolize that they were in a gang such as rolling up your sleeve or leaving out the tag on y...

Causes and Effects of Gambia’s Youthful Population

Causes and Effects of a Youthful population Gambia is a small, narrow, horizontal country in western Africa. It is surrounded by Senegal and a short strip of Atlantic coastline at its western end. When a country has a high number of children, it is said to have a youthful population. There are many Causes and Effects for this: Social There are many social causes and effects. * 95% of Gambia’s population is Muslim. This means they can marry more than one wife. Each woman has a TFR (total fertility rate) of about 7 children. A man marrying 3 or 4 wives can mean 21-28 children.It could be more children as, in a country with a high infant mortality rate, women tend to have more children for a better chance of survival. * Education isn’t common meaning contraceptives and family planning is harder to reach. Also it is discouraged, traditionally. This would mean people won’t use contraception and families will grow larger. Also it is a taboo subject so people wonâ€℠¢t question the fact that their families are so big. * Gambia is a poor country; there is not enough money to make government programmes that educate and inform women about family planning etc. eaning, again, more children. * Many children means families are likely to have financial problems; there will not be enough money to feed and support an ever-growing family. This will make malnutrition common; homes will be extremely over-crowded and poor sanitation. * With large proportions of children in the country, there will not be enough education. There is a shortage of toilet facilities and educational material. Often schools have to adopt a 2 shift system; some children educated in the morning and some later in the day.Environmental * Due to large families and the need to use more resources, desertification of the forests can become a problem. People will use the wood for fires in their homes, for making houses and for selling. The land left will end up as a desert therefore making the temperature rise. 2/3 of forests are now gone. Economic * Due to the 2 shift system and lack of money, teachers are poorly paid and can work up to 12 hours a day. * Lack of work means 1 in 3 14 year olds have to work to help to support their family. Because of over-crowding in the cities, they are being expanded but there isn’t enough money to do a good job of it. Also there is a lack of money for the infrastructure. * There is no money to build new schools so overpopulation is very common; 3000 pupils are divided into 26 classrooms. 6 toilets for 3000 pupils, typically with queues of 50 plus students. So to summarize, due to the high birth rate and falling infant mortality rate and improvements in the level of healthcare available, the population has been increasing rapidly.Gambia’s population doubles every 28 years and it is expected to be 3. 9 million in 2050. About 63. 55% of the population is under 25; elderly people of 65 years and above account for only 2. 8 % of the population. This will create a high dependency ratio. In the future it will be harder to find employment and accommodation with even more of a strain on food resources, infrastructure and the health service, which is already struggling. However, in the future, there will be a large and cheap workforce.

In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay

In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain juxtaposes Huck’s adventurous and liberating journey along with Jim on the raft down the river Mississippi with the corrupt life that allows unconscious acceptance to the values of society on the shore. The novel unfolds Huck’s inner mind and records his learning and moral development as he encounters morally corrupt and crooked people on his journey to freedom. The novel contrasts between the constricting life on the shore and the freedom offered by the journey on the river.   Though Huck’s raft follows the river towards its downward journey, he goes against the stream in his life learning on his own the hard realities of life. Huck finds the two wealthy sisters Widow Douglas and Miss Watson, who adopt him, as the true representatives of the society that is based on hypocritical religious and ethical values. Though Widow Douglas is more patient and gentle towards Huck, he finds her care and concern quite restrictive. When she puts him in new clothes he could do nothing but feel cramped sweating a lot. He does not find any meaning in prayer before the dinner and in the stories of Moses and the Bulrushers who were dead long time ago. Though the life in the care of Widow Douglas is decent and dignified, cozy and comfortable, Huck does not like it much. He feels his old ways of living are the best. Living in a house and sleeping in a bed pulled on me pretty tight mostly, but before the cold weather I used to slide out and sleep in the woods sometimes, and so that was a rest to me. I liked the old ways Best. (Twain 13) He finds Miss Watson’s attempts to ‘sivilize’ him most annoying. For him, she is the best example of severe and unforgiving laws of Christian life which are against his individual freedom. He feels â€Å"Miss Watson she kept pecking at me, and it got tiresome and lonesome†.   He is so vexed with the ways of living under the care of Miss Watson that he feels one night quite depressed and feels â€Å"I felt so lonesome I most wished I was dead.†   (Twain 5) When Miss Watson insists that he should pray he can not find any reason to pray when his prayers are not answered by God. When he asks her to try for him she calls him a fool. Huck tries several times in his own way asking God for the things he wanted, but he could not find any response from God. He finds it quite impractical. He does not find any advantage for him in praying for others as told by Widow. He finds a lot of difference between Widow and Miss Watson who both pray and teach the same things to him about Providence. The following lines best illustrate his understanding of his two guardians who differ a lot in their attitude. I judged I could see that there was two Providences, and a poor chap would stand considerable show with the widow’s Providence, but if Miss Watson’s got him there warn’t no help for him any more. (Twain 11) Huck’s father, Pap, an incorrigible wreck with his disgusting and ghostlike appearance in tattered clothes, represents the generally debased white society and the failed family. Pap, who is always after the money earned by Huck, feels jealous of his son’s education when his son is living with Widow Douglas and going to school. He not only kidnaps his son but also virtually imprisons him in a cabin in the woods and beats him completely drunk. In fact, he proves dangerous and provides the immediate and most potent cause for Huck’s escape from the society on the shore. On the contrary, he finds a trusting and caring surrogate father in Jim who accompanies him in his escape from the shore. Jim, a runaway slave from the house of Miss Watson, stands for strong family relationship, nobility and loyalty. He takes the extreme step of running away from Miss Watson’s house as he suspects he would be sold for another master which will eventually separate him from his family. Though he seems superstitious and ignorant, he is an intelligent man with a deep understanding of human life. Jim he was right; he was most always right; he had an uncommon level head for a nigger. (Twain 55). There is a strong bond of friendship and understanding between Huck and Jim on the raft. Both are desperately in need of protecting themselves from the selfish people in the society. The raft on the river Mississippi provides them an opportunity to save their lives. It offers them the much needed freedom. The following passage aptly conveys their dire need to run away from society. I was powerful glad to get away from the feuds, and so was Jim to get away from the swamp. We said there warn’t no home like a raft, after all. Other places do seem so cramped up and smothery, but a raft don’t. You feel mighty free and easy and comfortable on a raft. (Twain 83) The life on the raft is different in many ways from the life that is found on the shore. The raft provides them not only as escape from the corrupt and selfish people, but also an opportunity to be what they are and to do what they like. It gives them a unique opportunity to explore their true identity and their stand in relation to many things in life. They are closest to their true nature on the raft in the lovely and mighty presence of the river and the woods. It offers them unrestricted and uninhibited freedom. Huck feels happy and liberated on the raft and expresses the same in the following words: It’s lovely to live on a raft. We had the sky up there, all speckled with stars, and we used to lay on our backs and look up at them, and discuss about whether they was made or only just happened. (Twain 84) Twain has brilliantly contrasted the plight of a white boy with that of a slave Jim. The story of the novel revolves around these two characters that are almost in the same boat with similar problems. As luck would have it, they share the same raft in their escape for freedom. Huck finds Jim’s presence on the raft comforting and supportive as Jim is practical, intelligent and trustworthy though, at times, he seems sentimental. Jim not only cooks food for Huck but also protects him from dangers. Jim’s acts of selflessness and his longing to meet his family have left an indelible impression on Huck. Huck is very determined till the end to save Jim and to get him free. However, the life on the raft is not without its share of dangers and threats. Huck and Jim get separated when their raft is hit by a steamer in the river. Huck’s encounter with the family of Grangerfords exposes him to pretentious importance that people attach to their family’s honor or prestige. Huck suspects behind the kindhearted and gentle people in the family, there is an unreasonable feud between them and the Shepherdsons. It makes no sense to Huck. Many of the people belonging to these families die in a bitter gun fight from which Huck luckily escapes. After facing many challenging situations Huck and Jim once again continue their journey on the raft further towards the south. The two con artists who ask for help and seek refuge on the raft prove dangerous to Huck in the end. The two con artists involve in various crimes at times claiming to be the descendants of royal family and sometimes, pretending to be great actors and evangelists. They once again remind the crookedness of the people in the society on the shore. The raft has proved an excellent place to enjoy the perfect freedom and bliss without any interference. Though Jim is there with him all the time, he is silent and provided a good company with his accommodating nature. Huck enjoys Jim’s company and the journey most. He expresses his happiness saying, It was kind of solemn, drifting down the big, still river, laying on our backs looking up at the stars, and we didn’t ever feel like talking loud, and it warn’t often that we laughed — only a little kind of a low chuckle. (Twain 47) The long journey on the raft has provided Huck with many opportunities to learn new things and develop his own logic. Every challenge he faces presents him with an opportunity to think about it deeply and to come to a conclusion which he feels right. His association with Jim on the raft has given him opportunity to think clearly and form his own opinion without any interference. He prefers to follow his own instinct and logic than to accept the unquestioned conventions of the society.   Huck’s determination to save Jim when he is caught demonstrates his maturity and broadness of understanding. Huck has to undergo an internal struggle to overcome some of the notions that have been ingrained in him by the society. Every time Huck faces a problem he applies his mind and comes out with a decision what he feels right, though it might look wrong and offending to the white community. He takes help from Tom Sawyer in rescuing Jim finally. Huck loses his faith in the society that has failed to protect him. Though the Widow tried her best to give him what he has missed, it has proved imperfect to mould him. His growing distance from the society makes him skeptical about it. His natural intelligence and his ability to think through a situation have enabled him to form his own right conclusions. Thus, he creates his own rules and develops his character throughout the journey. Twain depicts the society around Huck with people who are degraded in their values. The actions of these people defy logic and commonsense. For example, when the judge allows Pap, the wreck and disgusting drunkard, to keep custody of Huck, he gives more importance to the right of ownership than to the welfare of the innocent boy. It clearly depicts the social system that has fallen in its moral standing. It highlights the white man’s rights over his property whether it is a slave or a son. The Mississippi River plays the most important role in the novel providing freedom and refreshing experience to Huck and Jim who are in their quest for freedom. They travel from their home town St. Petersburg, Missouri, north of St. Louis, hundreds of miles into the Deep South.   The odyssey down the river lends the story a mystic element offering contentment to the people who come in search of freedom. The river with its power and grandeur sets a meaningful background to the story that contrasts life on the river with the life on the shore. The river plays the role of liberating influence on the two characters Huck and Jim. It is the only place where they can feel at home though they are on a raft. Huck arrives at the conclusion that the idyllic life, peace and brotherhood of himself and Jim have given him more satisfaction and a sense of freedom and understanding as opposed to the inhumanity, the feud and the degenerated values of society. Thus, it is a journey in search of understanding and freedom leaving behind the so called ‘sivilization’ that destroys innocence and enslaves human beings. In short, Huck’s journey is from unthinking acceptance of received values and knowledge to an independently achieved understanding of what is right. It is journey from boyhood to manhood, from servitude to freedom. T. S. Eliot, the great English poet and critic of the twentieth century who also grew up on the banks of the same river says, â€Å"the river makes the book a great book† It has fired the imagination of the boy Huck and became the only real home for him. Reference Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn < http://www2.hn.psu.edu/faculty/jmanis/twain/huckfinn.pdf   >

Tori Amos essays

Tori Amos essays Besides having a self titled domain name, Tory Amos has not just captured an audience with her love for the piano and music, but now also has a website online available to all adoring fans. Primary, www.toriamos.com serviced by Artist Direct, provides current news about Tori personal life and plans for future music projects. Currently the artist isn't touring or working on any projects, due to the birth of a baby girl but, you can always check back later for future updates . Following, there is a place to chat with others about Tori in the forum linked to her website. Last, a videography section has been linked to view all Tori's music videos using the Tori's TV control (provided you have REEL player installed) . If none of these links do it for you, or maybe your just interested in the music itself, ToriAmos.Com links up to all kinds of popular music related websites, included its server Artist Direct. There, you can search for new artists or just browse Toris' online merch andise link to buy her current music releases and videos. Even if the graphics are a little too dark and eye straining, and sometimes the REEL player takes awhile to load, this site is still great place to visit, especially if you're a fan of Tori Amos music or maybe curious of her work. It's very informative, fun, and provides great access to her merchandise. I highly recommend viewing this website to those that have interest. ...

5 Essential SAT Tips Sitting the Exam - ProofreadMyEssays Academic Blog

5 Essential SAT Tips Sitting the Exam - ProofreadMyEssays Academic Blog 5 Essential SAT Tips: Sitting the Exam The SAT was recently updated to reflect its ongoing importance to higher education in the US. And if you’re relying on a good SAT score for your college application, you need to prepare for when the day of the test arrives. Luckily, we’ve got a few SAT tips to help you optimize your exam performance. Photo: lecroitg/Wikimedia 1. Get in the (SAT) Zone Like any exam, sitting the SAT can be stressful. You should therefore do everything you can to make sure the test day is as stress-free as possible. This includes packing everything you need the night before so you don’t have to worry about it in the morning, as well as getting plenty of rest and eating a healthy breakfast. 2. Read Carefully and Pace Yourself When the exam begins, read all instructions and questions carefully; you don’t want to make mistakes simply because you misunderstood something on the test paper! Likewise, before setting to work, take a moment to consider how long you need to complete each part of the test. Pacing yourself will ensure you don’t run out of time before finishing. 3. Maximizing Test Efficiency There are a few things you can do to maximize your test score. The first is focusing on what you already know: prioritizing questions you feel confident about ensures you’ll pick up the most points possible, rather than getting stuck on a tricky problem elsewhere. You can then return to the other question afterwards. Even if you’re completely lost, the new SAT format doesn’t penalize wrong answers, so you can always guess! Moreover, if you’re unsure about a multiple choice question, eliminating wrong answers first will increase your chances of guessing correctly. 4. Look for Evidence The reading section of the new SAT puts more emphasis than before on justifying your answers. The â€Å"command of evidence† questions, for instance, require you to identify textual evidence in the set passages. Before you ask, not the CSI type of evidence. This includes using evidence to support your own answers, understanding how authors use evidence in their writing, and considering how data can be used to support an argument. 5. Double-Check! As proofreaders, we’re morally obliged to emphasize the importance of double-checking your work. When it comes to the SAT, you can usually gain a few extra marks simply by going back through your test booklet after you finish, correcting any errors or issues with clarity. This is also why time management is such a vital skill. If you plan effectively, you should have enough time left after finishing to make sure everything is completed to a high standard.

Cirrhosis Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cirrhosis Disease - Essay Example Some of the common causes of cirrhosis are long term consumption of alcohol, disease of fatty liver and infection as the result of hepatitis A and B. According to the National Health Service UK, the excessive consumption of alcohol is considered to be when man consumes about 21 units whereas woman consumes about 14 units of alcohol per week. Alcohol and other toxins break down in the liver and therefore if the consumption of alcohol is very high than the work of the liver increases, which eventually damages the liver cells. Hepatitis C which is considered to be a blood borne infection eventually damages the liver causing cirrhosis. In North American and Western Europe hepatitis is considered to be one of the common causes of Cirrhosis. Hepatitis B and D may also cause Cirrhosis. Sometimes a person’s own immune system attacks the healthy organ of the body like some foreign substances. When the foreign substance attacks the liver, it may cause Cirrhosis (Nordqvist, 2013). Symptoms can be defined as something that a person feels and then reports it to the doctor. On the other hand a sign is something that can be easily detected by the doctor or nurse. For example pain may be categorized as a symptoms whereas rash may be considered as a sign. Usually the symptoms are not quite common during the early stage of Cirrhosis. However when the scar tissues accumulate in the liver they affect its efficiency. The symptoms and signs of Cirrhosis can be itchy skin, loss of appetite, insomnia, fatigue, nausea, visible blood capillaries, loss of weight, blotchy palms and pain in the area. As the disease progresses the other symptoms and signs that appear can include accelerated heartbeat, dizziness, confusion, vomiting blood, bleeding from the nose, short memory, jaundice, hair loss, fever, muscle cramps, panting, change in color of urine and bleeding gums (Cirrhosis - Symptoms, 2013). Cirrhosis can be

Downfall Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Downfall - Movie Review Example Traudi Junge, who is Hitler’s personal secretary and an individual who is not political, gives an account of the activities that take place in two weeks that begin on twentieth April 1945 that is also Adolf Hitler’s birthday. Traudi and a lot of other Nazi party leaders spend these two weeks in a bunker that belongs to the Fuhrer as they seek safety from the ongoing attack by the Russian troops who are getting further into Berlin. By the looks of how the Russian troops are getting further into Berlin, it is almost guaranteed that the Russians will win this war and be in control of Berlin as Germany loses the war. As this goes on, Hitler together with his army is contemplating on which course of action to take. While Hitler struggles with this decision, many are giving him the option of leaving Berlin or surrendering to the Russian troops, an action that apparently is going to save the lives of the large population of Germans who are civilians. Despite these calls by tho se around him, Hitler announces that Germany is going to be victorious and instructs all his advisers and the generals in his military to fight the Russians troops to death. The movie gives an account of the last days of Berlin, in which senior leaders in German including Goring and Himmler start to defect from their leader as they try to spare their lives. On the other hand, a leader like Joseph Goebbels gives a pledge to die fighting together with Hitler (Smith, 2010). Hitler takes his stand and does what he thinks stands for the political ideas.

History of Judasim Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History of Judasim - Essay Example However, after three months she was no longer able to hide him and was forced to throw him in the river. In a strange turn of events, pharaoh’s daughter picked up Moses and she decided to keep him as her son. The royal family adopted Moses and he was raised as a prince. However, Moses soon find out he was Hebrew. He one day killed an Egyptian for mistreating a Hebrew. He was forced to run away and was adopted by Hobab after he rescued his daughter from rude shepherds. One day as Moses was grazing his fathers in laws sheep on MT Horeb, he came across a burning bush (Neusner, 2010). Moses went and talked to the burning bush and this marked the start of his relationship with God. Moses was instructed to go return to Egypt and free the Hebrews. He would then lead them to the Promised Land. One key event that is associated with Moses is that he was sent by God to free the Hebrews for slavery. Moses went back to Egypt and met with the pharaoh telling him of God’s wishes. However, pharaoh was reluctant to free the Hebrews. He turned his rod into a snake as to show that he was sent by God. What transpired is that God sent ten plagues and Moses predicted each one of them. Moses turned river Nile into blood and this killed all the fish. This marked the first plague. In the second plague, Moses was able to bring all the frogs from river Nile to Egypt. Later, Moses infested Egypt with lice and flies. The pharaoh would still not allow freeing the Israelites. Moses inflicted a disease that killed all the Egyptians livestock. He then caused Egyptians to suffer from incurable boils and brought thunderstorms and hails. In the eighth plague, Egypt was covered by locusts which all the food they had planted. Moses initiated a total darkness in the ninth plague. After all this plagues, pharaoh was still standing strong on his resolve of not freeing the Hebrews. The 10th and final

Psychodynamic Theory Essay Example for Free

Psychodynamic Theory Essay What Psychodynamic Theory Has to Contribute to Our Understanding of   Counselling in a Multicultural Society? If counsellors are to discern very well their clients of diverse backgrounds or culture and their place in a multicultural society, psychodynamic theory may be particularly helpful in this respect. Theories and techniques used in counselling are diverse and it is imperative for counsellors to know how to use their knowledge of psychodynamic theory in conceptualising systems for both counselling and therapy. In psychodynamic therapy, which is an approach in counselling based on psychoanalytic theories, it is postulated that conscious and unconscious influences mold human behavior and social relationships. This concept of the unconscious is often associated with Sigmund Freud whose contribution in psychoanalysis can not be discounted. Psychoanalytic theory though, is not exclusively Freudian. Freud’s brilliant ideas and theories, were controversial. His theories were under attack from many directions and it was a good thing though that from his perspectives, many other psychoanalytic theories emerged as well. Carl Jung was famous for his collective unconscious and his oriental approach was unorthodox for Western psychoanalytic theorists. D.D. Winnicott’s transitional objects and good- enough mothering for instance, are interesting contributions to psychoanalysis as well. It should be fascinating to explore these theorists’ contribution to systems and approaches of multicultural counselling. In as much as these theorists’ perspectives seem to have distinct or even conflicting orientations, we may have the chance to look upon their theories, in many ways, complementary in the practice of counselling in a multicultural society. Their theories can prove to be useful at any point in counselling (or therapy) sessions in understanding clients, their unique history, individual concerns, and understanding their behavior, the impact of their past experiences to their present condition in life, and some of their underlying motives and beliefs. Sigmund Freud   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Psychoanalytic approaches to therapy and counselling originated from the works of Sigmund Freud. He viewed that people are driven by unconscious influences, a part of their inner world of which they are not aware of. He theorised that repressed unconscious thoughts and feelings could manifest through dreams, fantasies and odd behavior. Until after these repressed forbidden desires, hurtful memories and experiences are brought to conscious awareness, these were presumed to lead to irrational and maladaptive behavior. Based on this concept, effective counsellors can effectively draw upon these repressed thoughts and emotions through psychotherapy to ease their client’s depression or anxiety and to rebuild their client’s self-esteem.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Freud’s concept of eros (sexual and life instincts) and thanatos (aggressive and death instincts) are considered motivating factors of personality, with the term libido referring to basic energy of life associated with Eros. Troubled individuals may manifest death instincts through destructive behavior such as, alcoholism, substance abuse, aggression (towards self or others), and even suicide.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Freud theorised that the individual’s behavior is assumed to result from the interaction of three components of the personality: id, ego, and superego. The id is said to be the source of instinctual drives and operate in terms of the pleasure principle. It is capable of eliciting mental images and wish-fulfilling fantasies (Coleman, 1980).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second personality component is the ego, which intercedes between the demands of the id and the external world, and operates in terms of the reality principle. For instance, Freud believed that sexual or aggressive tendencies are in conflict with society’s rules and prohibitions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It was clever of Freud to introduce the third personality component, which is the superego, or commonly known as conscience. If one has learned and adapted to the moral demands of society, the individual would have a better grasp of what is right from wrong. The superego serves as personality’s system of control to inhibit immoral desires.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Freud believed in the interplay between the id, ego and superego, and how it becomes crucial to behavior. Inner conflicts may arise because the id, ego and superego are striving for different goals. Inner conflicts could manifest as a mental disorder if not resolved. Another important psychoanalytic concept of Freud is defense mechanisms. For him, whatever pains or anxieties are eased by distorting reality, if one can not deal with it rationally (Coleman, et.al., p. 54). Therefore, an individual’s distorted perception of reality poses behavior problems. This only happens though when the ego can no longer cope with the pain or anxiety by rational measures. Freud’s contribution to developmental psychology is his theory on five Psychosexual stages: the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages.   He believed that these stages of development could determine one’s defenses, anxieties, and impulses. A child who has been deprived of fully experiencing any of these stages may suffer fixation at that stage of development. The first three stages of development, the oral, anal, and phallic stages, are the most crucial, as one’s personality is molded at this time. If fixation happens at any point during this period, then the child would likely develop distinct personality type. From birth to 1 year (oral stage), the mouth is the principal erogenous zone and it is assumed that an infant’s greatest source of gratification is sucking. If the caregiver is overindulgent or depriving, then the child is likely to develop fixation at this stage. Some traits associated with overindulgence are optimism, manipulativeness, boldness and admiration. On the other hand, deprivation would lead to traits such as pessimism, suspiciousness, self-belittlement, passivity, and jealousy. Further, as Freud theorised, fixation at this stage, or when the individual did not receive adequate oral gratification during infancy, the individual is predisposed to excessive drinking or eating in adult life. When the child is about 18 months to 3 years (anal stage), the anus and rectum are considered to be the primary sources of pleasure. Either an excessive demand or permissiveness from a child’s caregiver, will lead to the development of anal personality. Other psychological problems that are thought to arise from this stage are obsessive-compulsivity and paranoia. During the phallic stage, or when the child is about 3 to 6 years old, the penis or clitoris is assumed to be the major source of pleasurable sensation. At this stage, the child learns to manipulate the genitals and becomes curious about the opposite sex. Curiously enough, Freud also believed that it is at this stage when the child develops intense sexual feelings for the parent of the opposite sex, or otherwise known as Oedipus and Electra complex. The Oedipal complex is the perception that boys desire to possess their mother. Freud thought that boys have incestuous cravings for their mother, even sees their father as rival, but they have fear that the father will harm them (castration anxiety). Likewise, the Electra complex is the assumption that girls desire their father, and want to replace their mother. The fear of the same-sex parent leads to sublimation of their sexual attraction for the opposite sex parent into non-sexual love, and they learn to identity instead to their same-sex parent.   For either sex, it imperative for them to resolve the conflict, such that when they enter young adulthood stage, they are likely to have a satisfactory heterosexual relationship. In the years from 6 to 12 (latency stage), sexual motivations are put aside and the child channels his energy into school, play, shared activities with friends, and sports. Finally, the genital stage, which is from puberty onwards, the deepest feelings of pleasure come from heterosexual relations. At this stage, the individual channels his energy into socially acceptable ventures such as entering into romantic relationships, establishing friendships, career planning and also some recreational activities.   Freud’s cathartic hypnosis was popular during his time, but more than the technique of hypnosis as a therapeutic cure to psychological illnesses, was his concept that feelings were drawn from the unconscious. His contribution stands out in the sense that he was the one who developed techniques such as free association and dream analysis in dealing with both the conscious and unconscious aspects of mental health. Freud emphasized the role of the unconscious motives and ego-defense systems, and the importance of early childhood experiences in the personality adjustment and maladjustment of adults, as well as the relevance of sexual factors in human behavior and mental disorders (Coleman, et.al., p. 57). Freud’s techniques now used in contemporary psychodynamic counselling provide much deeper understanding of the (client’s) self, and can prove to be helpful in emotional, spiritual development and self-awareness. Carl Jung   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the most original and controversial features of Jung’s theory on personality was the concept of collective unconscious. He theorised the existence of universally shared motives, drives, potentials, fears and symbols that human beings have more or less the same collective unconscious. Collective unconscious is defined as the â€Å"storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from one’s ancestral past† (Hall Lindzey, 1978, p. 119). Simply put, with this theory, there is probability of reviving experiences of past generations. â€Å"Humans are born with many predisposition for thinking, feeling, and perceiving according to definite patterns and contents that become actualized through individualized experiences† (Hall Lindzey).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If Freud’s â€Å"unconscious mind† is often associated with repressed forbidden desires, hurtful memories and experiences, Jung’s collective unconscious is a vast resource of subliminal contents and potential, which includes the â€Å"wisdom and experience of uncounted centuries, and laid down in its archetypal organs† (Jung, cited in Hall Lindzey, p.120). The collective unconscious can then serve a very good purpose to the individual. But, if this ignored by the ego, â€Å"the unconscious may disrupt the conscious rational processes by seizing hold of them and twisting them into distorted forms (Hall Lindzey, p.120).   Instances of irrational behavior could arise such as phobias and delusions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jung believed that the individual achieves completeness or wholeness only as fantasies, images and dreams from the personal and collective unconscious become accessible to the conscious self (Coleman, et.al., p.58).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jung’s concept of archetypes refers to patterns of behavior within the unconscious mind. The most common of these archetypes are the persona, shadow, self, and anima and animus. The persona is tantamount to the social personality the â€Å"face† an individual has in his social relationships. A healthy persona could then mean good adaptation to the demands of society or the environment where one belongs. In some respects, Jung’s concept of the persona is similar to Freud’s superego. The shadow has some resemblance to Freud’s concept of the id. It is considered the hidden or dark side of personality that sometimes the individual is not even aware of. This part of the psyche would be difficult to accept. If a certain trait of another distress an individual, then this could be a reflection of his shadow. Traits such as laziness, attention-seeking, anger expression, etc., are usually kept from consciousness and is often projected to others. The self can be considered the sum total of one’s personality, the motivating factor of human behavior that causes one to constantly strive and attain wholeness. It was Jung’s view that the self can only emerge only if various aspects of the personality have fully developed (known as individuation) (Hall Lindzey, p. 124). Thus, this does not happen until one has reached middle age when one â€Å"begins to make a serious effort to change the center of personality from the conscious ego to one that is midway between consciousness and unconsciousness† (Hall Lindzey). Jung believed that one takes the journey toward individuation, spending almost half of his life individuating, and the second integrating. This concept has direct application and relevance to career counselling. Notice that most individuals who reach middle age begin to have more focus and sense of purpose, not wasting their time and energy where they do not fit or are not welcome, and extending effort only in activities that will lead them to their true calling. Somewhat parallel to Freud’s Oedipus and Electra complex which prove relevant to understanding one’s heterosexual adjustment is Jung’s anima and animus. This is much like the â€Å"yin and yang† of the Chinese, the masculine and feminine side of human personality. The role of biological hormones cannot be discounted, but from a Jungian perspective, this is more considered to be a product of racial experiences of man with woman and vice versa. Jung’s anima and animus may be of relevance in understanding man-woman relationships in a counselling setting. Man is supposed to â€Å"apprehend the nature of woman by virtue of his anima, and woman apprehends the nature of man by virtue of her animus† (Hall Lindzey, p. 123), and without regard to the real character of the other, their relationship will most likely lead to discord. Donald Winnicott   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The influential concepts of transitional objects, the good-enough mother and the true and false self are attributed to Winnicott. A transitional object is some sort of a security blanket for a child. It could be a favorite stuffed toy, baby blanket, pillow or any symbolic object that a child finds comfort in having. A transitional object helps a child cope with fear while their principal caregiver is away. The most influential person (object) during a child’s development would be the principal caregiver. In a counselling setting, the counselor serves as the transitional object, who gradually helps his client overcome frustrations and develop greater independence over time. The good-enough mother pertains to the principal caregiver whose parenting style fit the child’s developmental needs. Winnicott believed that caregivers have to be good-enough in providing the child’s needs, but not too much. They have to teach children as well to tolerate frustrations, and teach them the lesson of independence and self-sufficiency. Winnicott theorized that children’s needs, if not adequately met, could help develop a false self (this is somehow identical to Freud’s concept of fixation). On the other hand, when children’s needs are adequately provided, then, they are likely to develop a true self. A relationship based on trust, a relationship that is more real, will grow between the caregiver and the child. This concept may apply to counselor (or therapist)-client relationship. An effective counselor knows how to provide a safe â€Å"holding environment† for his client, and is adaptive to his client’s needs. The counselor knows how to respond to his client’s emotions with warmth and empathy, thus helping his client reveal his true self. References Coleman, James C., James N. Butcher and Robert C. Carson. Abnormal Psychology and Modern Life (6th ed.). Illinois: Scott, Foresman and Company. Dakai, S.H. (2003). â€Å"Addiction Counseling: Examination of Various Addiction Counseling and Therapy Approaches.† Journal of Addictive Disorders. Breining Institute. Hall, Calvin S. and Lindzey Gardner (1980). Theories of Personality (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley Sons. McGinnis, James D. and Kenneth R.Thomas (1991). The Psychoanalytic Theories of D.W. Winnicott as Applied to Rehabilitation. The Journal of Rehabilitation. 1 July 1991

Europes Largest Minority Essay -- essays research papers

The Romani people of Europe are often referred to as "Gypsies". Thought they prefer to be called Roma. The Roma are descendants of the ancient warrior classes of Northern India, particularly the Punjab, and they are identifiable by their language, religion, and customs. The "Gypsies" gained there widely known name due to the fact that when they first arrived in Europe people believed that they had migrated from Egypt. Even after this was found to be untrue that name stuck to this minority group. Because recorded history of the "Gypsies" prior to their first documented appearances in Europe in the early 15th century is non-existent, there has been much debate as to their origins and early migration. Based on linguistic evidence, it is believed that the modern day "Gypsies" of the Middle East, Europe, Asia, as well as the Americas, originated in Northwestern India. There is also a general agreement regarding the approximate timing of their immigration. It is believed that the bulk of their immigration was during the 11th century, and took place in three major trips. Though this large group of people have been living in Europe for over ten centuries they are still not treated as equals to this day. The exact number of "gypsies" who live in Europe is unknown and guesses are inaccurate due to their nomadic life style. What is known is that population of "gypsies" is a large one that makes them the largest minority living in Europe. Though large in population they are also largely discriminated against. This discrimination dates back almost ,if not to the of there arrival in Europe. Throughout the centuries they have faced discrimination in many different forms, for a variety of reasons. Also there have been quite a few major outbreaks of intense discrimination that took place in different areas throughout Europe. During medieval times rumors where spread that the "Gypsies" were descended from a sexual encounter between a "Gypsies" woman and Satan. Christians believed that a conspiracy of blacksmiths, wizards and women had been organized to attack... ...ing and placement system for the "Gypsies". These placements and training will helps them to find jobs This is extremely helpful because finding a job can be a extreme challenge to them on there own, due to there lack of training and the widespread belief/stereotype that they are thieves and cheats. The "Gypsies" are a group of people with an extremely rich culture. There performances at festivals and such attract many tourists who find there life styles unique and interesting. The reason this minority group is discriminated against so terribly is not due to being a bad group of people, but a misunderstood group of people. Throughout European society and time there had been and still is a serve lack of understanding about the "Gypsies" which has lead to all the discrimination they have faced and are still facing today. When most people think of "Gypsies" they think of the stereotype "Gypsy", a nomad, a thief, and uneducated. Though finding schools for "Gypsies" can be hard there are "Gypsy" children that attend school. Only a minuet percentage of the "Gypsies" are nomatic.

Case: Lufthansa Cargo Ag †Capacity Reservation

Question 1 ? How does air cargo differ from the passenger business in terms of revenue management? Which areas are more complex, which areas can be managed more easily? There are noted differences between air cargo and the passenger business. For example, unlike passengers, cargo shippers did not book round trips and therefore cargo flows were unpaired. Furthermore, cargo was classified according to multiple dimensions like volume and weight resulting in different pallet space requirements, while passengers were each assigned a single seat.Concerning manageability it was identified that with regard to network planning and capacity allocation, cargo carriers had more degrees of freedom and hence faced additional challenges compared to passenger airlines. However, while passengers purchased tickets for specific flights and routes, cargo airlines could transport goods flexibly with regard to time and route through their network, the only constraint being the promised time of availabilit y at the destination. Moreover, the load could be balanced and optimized by mixing shipments with different specific weights i. e. volume-to-weight relations. In this regard, space could be sold twice, e. g. to one customer with voluminous and another with heavy-weight high-density goods. Question 2 ? What is the purpose of selling long-term capacity contracts? The purposes of selling long-term capacity contracts was to model demand and maximize the airlines yield by ensuring that a fixed amount of capacity was purchased, thus optimizing the aircraft’s cargo capacity utilization while at the same time reducing the risk of deviation from customers because of the fixed commitment and non-refundable policy.It also helped to determine how much capacity the airline maintained as a safeguard for demand for general cargo. Question 4 ? Does Lufthansa Cargo effectively reach its business and risk-sharing objectives? Lufthansa does not effectively reach its business and risk sharing ob jectives as they were unable to strictly enforce some of their cancellation fee policies due to the market power of some forwarding companies.Moreover, forwarders freedom to cancel contracted capacity up to 72 hours before departure was not adequately reflected by the rates the airline charged for the GCA freight. In addition, if cancellation was received three days before departure, there was no guarantee that LCAG will find other buyers to make up for the forgone revenue. LCAG also had problems with no shows. Question 5 ? How could current reservation and pricing practices at Lufthansa Group be improved? Compensating for cancellations and no-shows by overbooking, †¢Limiting sales to low-revenue forwarders to preserve space for higher-revenue forwarders, †¢Accepting low-revenue forwarders when higher revenue demand is less than aircraft cargo capacity, †¢Redirecting low-revenue customers to flights with lower load factors, thereby minimizing spilled cargo Question 6 ? How does the introduction of dynamic pricing affect capacity byers, i. e. freight forwarders?The introduction of dynamic pricing can generally shrink the size of capacity buyers on the one hand but can also enable forwarders to have considerable influence with airlines. Since forwarders make their money on the difference between the price they receive from the consignee and the cost of cargo space paid to airlines, they might play one airline against the other for the lowest price. Thus dynamic pricing can actually give forwarders the edge in extracting low price rates from airlines.

Global Online Marketing: A Concept Replacing Traditional Marketplaces

Abstract: Contemporary marketing has evolved into a large concept which includes the aspect of â€Å"idea marketing†. As the definition of marketing has evolved, so has the need for marketers to use technology to support the process. This paper discusses global online marketing, its advantages, and the ethical dilemmas associated with its use. It also then discusses whether global online marketing can take over the traditional marketplace and whether this would prove to be beneficial for both consumers and marketers. Introduction: Marketing is an evolutionary concept which has been constantly growing over time, specifically in the more recent decades that have brought along significant technological change. While the definition of marketing has evolved in this era, so have the manner in which it is conducted and the mediums that it is conducted through (Rossiter, 2001). This significant change has caused the uprising of several questions which include has the meaning of marketing changed with the onset of the internet?, is the internet an ethical tool to use in attempting to persuade consumers to purchase products?, and whether online marketing has taken over the traditional marketplace and how? This paper will focus upon the topic of global online marketing and whether this phenomenon has replaced the traditional marketplace. The paper will begin by focusing upon the changing definition of marketing and how technology has accommodated it, continue with an analysis of online marketing, the benefits provided to customers/marketers through online marketing, and the ethical dilemmas associated with its used. The paper will then analyse how global online marketing has become the norm and the benefits and/or consequences of it replacing the traditional marketplace along with recommendations regarding how the internet can be used to the consumer/marketers’ advantage and how its negative impact can be reduced. The paper will conclude with a summary of the main points mentioned Evolution of the Definition of Marketing and its Impact on Technology: Marketing has been a concept which has gradually outgrown its previous definitions as various external factors have affected the way it is interpreted and understood by marketers and scholars alike. While there is increasing debate regarding the definition of marketing, Peter & Olsen stress that most scholars in the discipline of marketing are satisfied with Kotler’s definition of marketing which says, â€Å"Marketing is human activity directed at satisfying needs and wants through exchange processes† (Kurzabard & Soldow, 2007, p. 37). However, for those who were slightly unsatisfied with this previous definition of marketing, the American Marketing Association described marketing as, â€Å"The process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, & distribution of ideas, goods, & services to create exchanges that satisfy individual & organizational objectives.†(Kurzbard & Soldow, 2007, p. 38). However, most of the previous definitions applied to marketing, emphasized that the main goal of marketing was the exchange of goods and services (Kotler, 1972). Nonetheless, we often see people campaigning in the streets for support for a particular cause or we are approached by people who ask for donations for a particular charity. While we may have no particular association with the cause or the charity and we expect nothing in return from them personally, we are influenced or affected by the ideas presented to us. This can also be regarded as a form of â€Å"non-business marketing† and can be associated with Kotler’s classification of marketing into three levels of consciousness, the first regarding it as a business subject associated with buyers, sellers, & other economic products & services, and the second extending marketing as appropriate for all organizations that have customers (including non-profit organisations) (Kotler, 1972). While the definition of marketing had previously evolved to include the activities of non-profit organizations seeking to gain customers/donaters/supporters, etc., it can now be classified to encompass much more than that. This is described by Kotler’s (1972) consciousness three which describes marketing as â€Å"an organisation’s attempt to appeal to its public, not only its consuming public†. While this level of marketing may not have been given a high level of support in 1972, contemporary business practices urge organizations to be socially responsible, encourage motivational behaviour with employees, and also require coordination with suppliers. Thus, it is now just as essential to market an organisation appropriately to employees, society, suppliers, the media, and several other stakeholder groups of the organisation. Some stakeholder groups can be effectively dealt with personally, such as banks who are offering the organisation a loan. This institution can be personally marketed an idea which leads the bank officer to sanction the loa n and would result in an exchange between the two parties as the bank gives the organisation money and the organisation agrees to pay the bank interest on the borrowed amount. However, how can the director of an organisation employing thousands of employees worldwide influence the employees to accept a new employment contract promoting a different combination of incentivesHow can he/she personally motivate them or congratulate them on a job well done? Coming back to the traditional view of marketing as a profitable process between buyers and sellers, we can apply the following scenario. How can an organisation encourage an overweight customer to try a newly formed formula which would help her reduce her weight when she is not even aware of the product and perhaps the fact that she even requires itIt would first be essential for the organisation to form the idea within her mind that she is overweight and then inform her about the existing product. However, it is obvious that this tas k cannot be fulfilled in person as that might be considered rude and highly inappropriate. This is where technology intervenes and begins our discussion on the concept of â€Å"idea marketing† and global online marketing. Global Online Marketing and its Advantages: The evolving definition of marketing and the need of contemporary businesses to satisfy various stakeholder groups have led to the increased use of technology in marketing processes. Thus, as a business seeks to satisfy stakeholders or project certain ideas towards them, it uses the aid of technological tools such as portals, customer relationship management software, employee management software, and websites. A charity uses the aid of a website which informs all of its stakeholders regarding its cause, how it seeks to implement it, and all other parties that it is associated with. In the same manner, a business organisation uses the aid of a website to illustrate all of its processes including sections mentioning its relationship with its suppliers, social responsibility practices, and sections featuring its financial statements and the dividends paid to shareholders. Similarly, customer relationship management software is used to gauge and understand consumer wants, market potenti ally desired products to consumers, and facilitate communication between the organisation and the customer (Pines, Peppers, & Rogers, 2009). While the internet aids in satisfying these needs of contemporary business organizations, it also serves the current definition of marketing which includes â€Å"idea marketing† and is said to have a core concern of â€Å"producing desired responses† (Kotler, 1972). Thus, while it would be difficult to convince an overweight customer that she needs to try a new weight loss formula or to attempt to sell an exceptionally revealing piece of lingerie to a woman who is conservatively dressed, doing this through online marketing would make it more convenient and acceptable to both the customer and the marketer. There may also be instances in which the customer may feel uncomfortable in walking into a store and asking the salesman which type of brassiere would make her breasts look more erector explaining the condition of a particularly nasty occurrence of acne on her upper thigh and asking what type of ointment would help cure it? Online marketing would help in this regard as it enables open communication between the customer and the marketer and enables the marketer to expressly form ideas into the customer’s mind. As Kotler (1972) mentions, the marketer â€Å"seeks to influence† in any manner and then eventually seeks to â€Å"produce a desired response† which may be in the form of support for a cause or an idea or in the form of the purchase of a product. Thus, global online marketing is usually conducted through social media platforms, websites, and personal email in certain situations. The marketer uses these platforms to illustrate their message with the aid of pictures, virtual demonstrations, and articles which may seek to persuade or inform the customer regarding various uses, benefits, and opinions regarding the product (Pires, Stanton, & Rita, 2006). This allows the flow of informat ion from the marketer to the customer and allows convenience to both parties. For example, it is not easy for a marketer to stop people in the street and coerce them to view the design of a new mobile phone and ask them for their opinion on it. For all the marketer may know, the person may not be the least interested in mobile phones or may not need a new one. It is also then not easy to stop all of the people in the street and tell them about the various types of reviews that the newly designed phone has. Accordingly, online marketing enables the marketer to efficiently and effectively aim at the target audience and project their message towards them. It also enables the marketer to give the customer as much information as they deem necessary in order to persuade the customer to support a particular idea or purchase a particular product. More importantly, it enables the marketer to quickly transmit this information to the customer such as in the instance of a sale or a contest occu rring for a particular product or brand (Burton, 2001). As Kotler’s (1972) explanation of generic marketing and the strategies involved in producing a desired response from the customer includes designing the product in a more attractive manner, presenting the product to the customer on more attractive terms, adding symbolic significance to the product, and making the object more accessible, online marketing assists each of these processes. While online marketing helps the marketer provide the customer with information, illustrations, and persuasion of the product’s attractiveness and also mentions the terms on which the product can be bought or acquired (such as discounts or a giveaway contest), it can also help add symbolic significance to the product by featuring an article or video, showing the product being used by a celebrity or on a particular occasion. Moreover, it has enabled marketers to get feedback regarding their product and effectively communicate with cu stomers through an economical platform. One very important function that online marketing is now performing for the marketer is making the product more accessible for the customer (Rossiter, 2001). Through e-commerce, marketers have been able to target a large amount of consumers and made the product highly accessible through the click of a mouse. Thus, through the aid of cookies and through previous purchase behaviour, businesses are able to gather information regarding what the consumer needs or is interested in and then make customly designed offers which suit the customer’s needs. This has enabled an increase in sales and has also enabled the marketer to save costs which are associated with setting up and managing physical shops and employing large amounts of labour. As emphasized by Pines, Peppers, & Rogers (1995), it has also enabled marketers to anticipate consumer wants and personally develop a learning relationship with their customers by understanding what their cus tomers need and enabling them to retain their customers forever. Online marketing enables mass customization in an economical manner, which is not a process that can be fulfilled in a traditional shop in a cost-effective manner and if done manually would probably lead to a confusing and disorganized situation (Gummesson, 2002). However, global online marketing has not only facilitated the marketer, but has specifically empowered the customer as well according to Pires, Stanton, & Rita (2006). It enables the customer to ask questions and access information without the obstacle of embarrassment, lack of demonstration, and at their own leisure. Thus, while a traditional shop may close at 6 pm, a potential customer may require information regarding a product after he/she gets off from work. Online marketing enables the customer to easily and effectively gain this information through technological means at any time he/she pleases. Moreover, online marketing has enabled the customer to ac cess as much information as he/she deems necessary and guide the marketer regarding his/her needs and demands. The customer is able to provide feedback and make comments regarding a product. Moreover, the customer is also able to customly design the type of product he/she needs or suggest the type of offer that would attract him/her towards purchasing a particular product. This enables the customer to take charge of his/her preferences and purchases and adds to the customer’s convenience. This is also said to result in a higher satisfaction level within consumers (Gummesson, 2002). While there are numerous advantages of global online marketing, there are also certain disadvantages or ethical concerns associated with its use. Ethical Concerns of Global Online Marketing: While a consumer may significantly benefit from targeted offers which suit his/her needs/wants, it is also of concern, how marketers are able to make these offersOnline marketing software enables a marketer to install cookies on the consumer’s computer and keep track of the types of websites that the consumer regularly visits and the types of purchases he/she makes. Accordingly, while keeping track of the consumer’s behaviour, the marketer is able to show the consumer advertisements of offers that may interest him/her. However, how often have you opened a website and made a secret purchase which you did not want anyone to know aboutThen, how is it ethical for a business to know what you have been doing onlineThis raises the concern of privacy and plagues many consumers who are not highly enthusiastic about being followed online (Philip, 2000). Moreover, how would you feel if you made a purchase of lovely pink bunny slippers online and the very next day when your friend was using your computer, an advertisement featuring a similar product popped upIt would most likely be a cause of immense annoyance and embarrassment which is also an ethical concern of global online marketing. It is deemed highly unethical to bombard consumers with advertising material when they are least expecting it or especially when they least desire it. Moreover, several studies have also claimed that bombarding a consumer with offers for a particular product when they do not desire such interruptions can lead to resentment towards the product and create a negative image of the product for the consumer. It is also highly inappropriate for organizations to bombard the consumer with advertisements when they are not sure whether the consumer is in appropriate company to view those advertisements or whether it is the appropriate occasion (Golding, 2000). An additional ethical concern is the processing of online transactions which involves the collection of financial information su ch as credit card numbers and bank account details. Research has proven that 48% of consumers are highly suspicious of this process and refrain from online shopping because they are unwilling to divulge such information online. This is a major concern because some of this information is used unethically or fraudulently which then leads to severe consequences for the customer. Moreover, customers are also highly skeptical of online hackers who break into such websites and gain such financial information regarding consumers, thus then using it in a negative manner in order to cause the consumer financial loss. This is known as cyber crime (Fuat, 1997). The dilemma of not knowing who you are communicating with and the credibility of the person/organisation is the main ethical concern which is highly distressing for customers and is a hinderance which organizations are attempting to overcome. Despite the ethical concerns of using online marketing, a large proportion of marketers/busines ses have successfully adopted it and it is becoming increasingly accepted amongst consumers. It may be said that global online marketing is taking over traditional marketplaces. Is Global Online Marketing Taking Over Traditional Marketplaces and Should It? The use of online marketing is becoming widespread despite the initial reaction of consumers of suspicion regarding whether it can be ethically used or not. Allegedly, the concept has turned the whole world into a global marketplace as businesses are easily able to sell and market their products to customers in different countries. Many businesses have adopted the concept and made it the prime focus of selling/marketing to customers, an example is Amazon. While the concept has largely taken over the traditional concept of a marketplace and may be replacing the traditional marketplace at an increasing rate, there are many reasons why it cannot fully take over and also many reasons why it should not (Hunt, 1994). The advantages of global online marketing include convenience, access to information, accessibility, ease of use, and access to a large market which can be targeted effectively. It also enables making partnerships with other firms on the basis of sharing data. However, the eth ical dilemmas concerning it include privacy issues, suspicion regarding the revealing of financial details, and bombarding the customer with unwanted advertisements at inconvenient times. Similarly, the reasons that global online marketing cannot fully take over the concept of the traditional marketplace include the fact that half the world still does not have internet access and many businesses are targeting certain groups of consumers that are not privileged with access/knowledge of using the Internet. For example, consumers in many Third World countries and in other inaccessible areas do not have access to the Internet and are often even unaware of how to use a computer. It would be highly ineffective for a marketer to attempt to target and reach these audiences with online marketing. Another important reason that global marketplaces cannot take over traditional marketplaces is because some products require physical viewing and cannot be purchased after viewing online demonstrati ons or reading descriptions of the product. This may be specifically true in the case of automobiles or even in the case of clothes which need to be tried on before purchase. Moreover, while in some situations the client may feel more relaxed in talking about or asking questions about the product online, there are some sitatuons which require personal involvement and personal contact between the client and the marketer (Hunt, 1994). For example, many brides-to-be would not be highly happy about conversing with the computer regarding their preferred wedding dress and would appreciate personally talking to a sales representative. While these are some of the reasons that online marketplaces cannot take over traditional marketplaces, there are also some reasons which suggest that this should not happen even if it is becoming the norm. First of all, online marketing is taking over the advantages of the value chain and is possibly taking over the concept of a retail store, thus putting ma ny retail stores at a disadvantage. This can mean a loss of business for many people who are in this part of the value chain. Moreover, online marketing means that there is less need for physical labour and a different type of expertise required which may also significantly increase the rate of unemployment and may be a major concern (Woodall, 2001). Another problem with online marketing is that the image it portrays to consumers and the manner in which it glamorously displays products coaxes many consumers to spend hard-earned money on products that they do not need. It often causes consumers to purchase goods that they would not have purchased otherwise and is a rising concern for many countries as it has led to problems of shopaholics. In other cases, consumers are often sold products that they thought were somethingelse or looked differently online, but were given products which are vastly different from their expectations (Woodall, 2001). Thus, it is evident that while the conc ept of global online marketing is becoming increasingly popular, widely accepted, and gives advantages and empowerment to both the marketer and consumer, the concept still has certain disadvantages which may prevent it from becoming the sole form of business between organizations and consumers. Accordingly, it is recommended that global marketers use this platform as a way to communicate with their customers and project ideas into their minds while also gaining essential feedback, but not to rely on it as the sole form of communication or exchange between customers and the organisation. Moreover, organizations should be sensitive towards privacy issues of customers and refrain from the use of cookies without explicit permission from their customers. They should rely upon customer feedback, previous purchase information, and comments that the customer willingly provides regarding his/her purchasing preferences. Organisations should refrain from using pop-up advertisements and target the customer in a more discreet manner such as when he/she clicks upon a certain relevant page or through personal email or social media platforms (news popping up in newsfeed on Facebook). Other forms of marketing such as radio, television, and personal contact should also be used in order to be able to facilitate and attract all types of customers instead of limiting the market to only a particular group of customers. Conclusion: The paper discusses how the evolving definition of marketing has resulted in the need to use technology to support marketing practices. It has established that there are various advantages associated with using online marketing which include convenience, accessibility, and the amalgamation of essential information for both customer and marketer. However, the paper has also pointed out that there are certain disadvantages to the use of online marketing and reasons why it cannot take over the concept of a traditional marketplace. References Burton, D. (2001) â€Å"Critical Marketing Theory: The Blueprint†. European Journal of Marketing. Vol. 35 5/6 pp. 742-743 Fuat, A. (1997). â€Å"From segmentation to fragmentation: markets and marketing strategy in the postmodern era.† European Journal of Marketing. Vol.31(3-4) pp.183-185. Golding (2000) â€Å"Forthcoming Features: Information and Communications Technologies and the Sociology of the Future† Sociology. Vol 34 (1). Gummesson, E. (2002) â€Å"Practical value of adequate marketing management theory† European Journal of Marketing .Volume 36 (3) pp.325-349 Hunt, D. (1994) â€Å"On Rethinking Marketing: Our Discipline, Our Practice, Our Methods† European Journal of Marketing Vol. 28(3) pp. 13-25. Kotler, P. (1972) â€Å"A Generic Concept of Marketing†, Journal of Marketing. Vol. 36. pp. 46-54 Kurzbard, G. & Soldow, G. (2007) â€Å"Towards a Parametric Definition of Marketing† European Journal of Marketing. Vol. 21 (1) pp. 37-47 Philip, E. (2000) â€Å"Strategy the End to the Endgame?†(impact of Internet economy on strategy). Journal of Business Strategy. Vol.21 (6) p 12 Pines J., Peppers, D., & Rogers, M. (1995) â€Å"Do You Want to Keep Your Customers Forever?† Harvard Business Review. pp. 105-114 Pires, G., Stanton, J. & Rita, P. (2006) â€Å"The Internet, Consumer Empowerment, and Marketing Strategies†. European Journal of Marketing. Vol. 40 9/10 pp. 936-949 Rossiter J. (2001) â€Å"What is marketing knowledgeStage 1: Forms of marketing knowledge†. Marketing Theory. Vol. 1 pp. 9-26 Woodall, T. (2001). â€Å"The Epistobabble Kid Rides Again: A Stephen Brown (Selective) Retrospective.† Marketing Review. Vol. 2 (2) pp.147.